Hendra virus (HeV) is a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Henipavirus . According to CSIRO’s early success with testing, the Hendra virus vaccine for horses … By protecting horses … Why aren’t horse owners vaccinating? Equine groups say the vaccine is the only arsenal against the potentially deadly virus. Hendra virus affects horses and is contracted through contact with flying foxes. “This vaccine is crucial in breaking the Hendra virus cycle of transmission from flying foxes to horses and then to humans,” Dr Stephanie Armstrong of Zoetis Australia said. The EHV-4 virus is the primary cause of respiratory infections, especially in young horses. (Also See Hendra Virus Infection in Horses.) The HeV vaccine for horses is a key example of a One Health approach to the control of human disease. The virus may not present any symptoms in carrier animals. On November 1, 2012 the Hendra virus (HeV) EquiVac vaccine for horses was made available under a special “minor or emergency use” permit … “A registered vaccine is available to help prevent Hendra virus disease in horses,” Mr Furner said. An equine vaccine is available and horse-husbandry practices that minimize HeV exposure are encouraged, but their adoption is suboptimal. ... the innovation is the equine Hendra vaccine. Emerg Infect Dis 20 , 372–379, doi: 10.3201/eid2003.131159 (2014). “A registered vaccine is available to help prevent Hendra virus disease in horses,” Mr Furner said. Hendra Virus The reservoir for Hendra virus is the Fruit bat. Equine groups say the vaccine is the only arsenal against the potentially deadly virus. HeV was first isolated in 1994 from specimens obtained during an outbreak of respiratory and neurologic disease in horses and humans in Hendra, a suburb of Brisbane, Australia. While HeV appeared in 1994 in Australia in horses … Materials and Methods. A commercial HeV vaccine for use in horses is available under a Minor Use Permit for release … Recommendation 11 Changes to veterinarians’ workplace hea lth and safety responsibilities . READ PAPER. Vaccination of horses now compulsory for many equestrian events. Horse owners should be compelled to administer a new Hendra virus vaccine, according to Queensland vets affected by the deadly disease. The disease, first isolated in 1994 when it emerged in horses in Brisbane, is spread by bats to horses. ... and tick prevention med.s There is no on-label lyme disease vaccine available for horses. The EHV-1 virus is the primary cause of abortion and neurologic disease in horses. Vaccination of horses is the most effective way to help manage Hendra virus disease. Depression, anorexia, fever, respiratory difficulty, ataxia, tachycardia, and frothy, nasal discharge are common clinical signs. HeV first emerged in the Brisbane suburb of Hendra in 1994, where it caused the deaths of one human and fourteen horses [5]. Details about the registered product, including the approved label are available from the APVMA public chemical registration information system (PUBCRIS) . A registered vaccine is available to help prevent Hendra virus disease in horses. Hendra Virus Vaccine, a One Health Approach to Protecting Horse, Human, and Environmental Health “Vaccination of horses is the most effective way to help manage Hendra virus disease. The approved label provides details on the dosage, administration and precautions for the Hendra virus vaccine. Hendra virus was the cause of fatal infections of horses and man in Australia in 1994, 1999 and 2004. Based on the existing scientific literature, it prevents horses from becoming infected with Hendra virus and from shedding virus that may Vaccination appears to be the single most effective way of preventing Hendra virus infection in horses. Although this disease is uncommon, cases in horses have been reported with Discuss the option of vaccination with your veterinarian. First, vaccination reduces the risk of your horse contracting Hendra virus (HeV), a serious and life-threatening disease. A commercial HeV vaccine for use in horses is available under a Minor Use Permit for release to veterinarians who have completed an online training program. The danger and effects of Hendra virus are well known after many tragic losses of both horses and humans. Hendra Virus Infection Equine Morbillivirus Pneumonia, Acute Equine Respiratory Syndrome Last Updated: December 2015 Importance Hendra virus infection is an emerging viral disease of horses and humans in Australia. "Vaccinating against the Hendra virus remains the most effective option for preventing horse and human deaths from the virus, according to biosecurity, workplace safety and health experts. Hendra virus has a mortality rate of nearly 80 percent in horses. Vaccination of horses is the most effective way to help manage Hendra virus disease. Horse owners moving horses to Queensland or northern NSW should consider vaccination, as well as any horses that have been moved from these areas to Victoria. Immunity is protective. 37 Full PDFs related to this paper. There is an effective vaccine to protect horses against Hendra virus that is available through vets. Vaccination is the single most effective way of reducing the risk of Hendra virus infection in horses. AAP June 21, 2013 3:51am HORSE owners have access to a free Hendra vaccine ahead of the virus' peak season. A registered vaccine is available to help prevent Hendra virus (HeV) disease in horses. No vaccine is 100% effective, so veterinarians and owners should still maintain good biosecurity when handling vaccinated horses and be vigilant for signs of Hendra virus. Hendra Hendra. February 5, 2014 Uncategorized #equine #horses #Hendravaccine #diffusionofinnovations Em. An equine vaccine is available and horse-husbandry practices that minimize HeV exposure are encouraged, but their adoption is suboptimal. Preventing human infection While the greatest risk is with sick horses, infected horses can shed Hendra virus for a few days before they show any sign of illness so it is always important to use good hygiene practices when around … Second, vaccination aids in the prevention of clinical symptoms of Hendra virus and this reduces risk … The HeV vaccine is currently the subject of a class action which alleges its manufacturer overstated the risks of the virus to the horse community. A vet can be sued by pet owners in Australia and more is coming, it will be good news for those horse owners, whose horses were subjected to Veterinarians vaccinating with Equivac HeV vaccine against the APVMA safety label. On November 1, 2012 the Hendra virus (HeV) EquiVac vaccine for horses was made available under a special "minor or emergency use" permit … A vet can be sued by pet owners in Australia and more is coming, it will be good news for those horse owners, whose horses were subjected to Veterinarians vaccinating with Equivac HeV vaccine against the APVMA safety label. I wish the Hendra virus had been persuaded clinically and medically to invent vaccine for this mother virus … The product number is 68996. The Hendra virus vaccine was registered in 2015. The virus can easilly be killed by heat or desiccation. Background Hendra virus (HeV) infection is endemic in Australian flying-fox populations. Horses must have a microchip to be vaccinated, and the information must be entered into the HeV Vaccine National Online Registry. Scientists have found boosters of a vaccine for the Hendra virus can protect horses for one year. Nipah and Hendra viruses are highly pathogenic bat-borne paramyxoviruses recently included in the WHO Blueprint priority diseases list. Vaccination of horses provides a work health and safety and public health benefit by reducing the risk of transmission to humans and other susceptible animals. A SECOND dose of a Hendra virus vaccine for horses will be briefly available for free. Hendra virus (HeV) is an emerging zoonotic paramyxo-virus for which natural reservoirs are the 4 species of Equivac® HeV virus vaccine is a ‘subunit’ vaccine, meaning it contains only a small part of the protein from the virus surface. Further information can be found on the APVMA website and in product information accompanying the vaccine. Mandatory vaccination can be achieved through government legislation or through mandatory programs implemented by industry. The current Hendra Virus Vaccine is expensive, has to be given in two doses three weeks apart, with an initial 6-month booster, followed by annual boosters thereafter. "Hendra virus kills humans and horses alike—the virus spreads to horses from flying foxes, with an infected horse occasionally passing the infection on to humans," Professor Ahern said. Vaccination of horses against Hendra virus provides a work health and safety and public health benefit. A Hendra virus vaccine is available for horses. Hendra virus infection can be prevented by avoiding horses that are ill or may be infected with HeV and using appropriate per sonal protective equipment when contact is necessary, as in veterinary procedures. About the Hendra virus vaccine product Equivac® HeV virus vaccine is a 1mL vaccine that is injected intramuscularly in horses. The Hendra Vaccine is called a ‘subunit’ vaccine, which means it only contains a small part of the Hendra Virus – a small protein on the virus surface. (Also See Hendra Virus Infection in Horses.) We describe the development and evaluation of a vaccine for horses with the potential for breaking the chain of HeV transmission from bats to horses to humans, thereby protecting horse, human, and environmental health. Some vets choose not to administer vaccine 17 m102.4 used for post-exposure prophylaxis, as well as the equine vaccine, should be effective also against this novel variant. It is difficult for horse owners to maintain this regime, and there is controversy regarding potential side-effects of the vaccine. A subunit vaccine Hendra virus vaccine is available and can be given to horses as young as 4 months; a booster 3 weeks after primary inoculation is required, as are yearly revaccinations. The vaccine cannot cause the viral disease in any vaccinated horse or any other animal or human. Hendra virus is a zoonotic paramyxovirus, which causes severe respiratory and neurological disease in horses and humans. Hendra virus vaccine, a one health approach to protecting horse, human, and environmental health. Recommendation 11 Changes to veterinarians’ workplace hea lth and safety responsibilities . Although this disease is uncommon, cases in horses have been reported with Hendra virus vaccine for horses debuts in Australia The first vaccine for horses against potentially deadly Hendra virus infections recently launched in Australia, according to a report today from the International Business Times (IBT). It does not contain the virus. Horse owners, competitors, volunteers, event operators, venue owners and spectators all need to be aware of their responsibilities and rights in light of the fact that vaccination of competing horses against the Hendra virus is compulsory for many equestrian events. Equine protozoal Myeloencephalitis. See Vaccination in this brochure for more information. At the current time there are no specific drugs or antiviral therapy. Download PDF. A commercial vaccine has been recently licensed in Australia for horses and could be beneficial for other animal species and eventually Unvaccinated horses with the disease either suffer a debilitating and distressing death or if diagnosed, are euthanased. Hendra Virus The reservoir for Hendra virus is the Fruit bat. Nipah and Hendra viruses are highly pathogenic bat-borne paramyxoviruses recently included in the WHO Blueprint priority diseases list. It takes a central role in the risk assessments undertaken by veterinarians. These differences can be detected and clinical decisions made accordingly. A vaccine is now available for use in horses in Australia, which should stop the virus killing them as well as preventing transmission to humans. There is no effective treatment for clinically infected animals, although a vaccine can prevent clinical disease in horses. [8] [9] [10] By December 2014, about 300 000 doses had been administered to more than 100 000 horses. An equine vaccine for Hendra virus infection in horses has been available in Australia since November 2012 (Equivac® HeV). Protective antibodies against the virus have been detected in vaccinated horses approximately 3 weeks after the second vaccination. Infected horses develop severe and often fatal respiratory disease, characterized by dyspnea, vascular endothelial damage, and pulmonary edema. A recombinant Hendra virus G glycoprotein-based subunit vaccine protects ferrets from lethal Hendra virus challenge. Two types of equine herpesviruses vaccine are available, EHV-1 and EHV-4. Vaccination of horses provides a public health and work health and safety benefit by reducing the risk of HeV transmission to humans and other susceptible animals. Download Full PDF Package. Middleton D, Pallister J, Klein R, Feng YR, Haining J, Arkinstall R, Frazer L, Huang JA, Edwards N, Wareing M, Elhay M, Hashmi Z, Bingham J, Yamada M, Johnson … Influenza One of the most common respiratory diseases in horses, influenza is highly contagious. Vaccine, 2011. The vaccine manufacturer, Zoetis Australia, joined the Minister in his call for increased vigilance and vaccination during the Hendra virus peak season. bats to horses to humans, thereby protecting horse, human, and environmental health. Vaccinating horses against Hendra virus. For the last six years, the animal-pharmaceutical company Zoetis—previously a Pfizer subsidiary—has sold a vaccine called Equivac to prevent horses from contracting the virus. 3. Vaccination of horses provides a public health and workplace health and safety benefit by reducing the risk of Hendra virus transmission to humans and other susceptible animals. Hendra virus, which was first recorded in Australia in 1994, can infect both humans and... New variant uncovered. An equine vaccine is crucial to breaking the cycle of Hendra virus transmission from flying foxes to horses and then to people, as it helps prevent the horse … Similarity of this virus (99%)18 to a partial sequence detected from a South Australian grey-headed 19 flying fox, along with case exposure to this species in Queensland, suggests the variant circulates at least across the vaccination of horses against Hendra virus to encourage vaccination. Vaccine manufacturer Zoetis says about 60 per cent of Hendra virus outbreaks occur between May and July. Vets urge horses, owners to get Hendra virus vaccine as new strain identified. Diffusion of innovations: The equine Hendra virus vaccine. Hendra virus, first identified in 1994 in Queensland, is an emerging zoonotic pathogen gaining importance in Australia because a growing number of infections are reported in horses and people. This paper. Hendra virus vaccine for horses, Equivac, launched Thursday and available in November. The virus can easilly be killed by heat or desiccation. Vaccination has proven the most useful tool for veterinarians adapting to the challenges posed by Hendra virus in equine practice. Habitat loss has increased the peri-urban presence of flying-foxes, increasing the risk of contact and therefore viral ‘spillovers’ into horse and human populations. One of the sides of each pen was able to be moved in toward the horse on … This is a fast moving virus that can cause death in a short period of time. At this stage the vaccine does not provide lifelong immunity and boosters will be required. Both may be necessary to achieve the level of vaccination required to protect the community. Vaccination of horses is the most effective way to help manage Hendra virus disease. ... and tick prevention med.s There is no on-label lyme disease vaccine available for horses. Hendra virus causes high morbidity and high mortality, Up to 75% fatal of Hendra virus cases are fatal. By March 2013 our scientists confirmed that horses were immune to a lethal exposure of the Hendra virus six months post vaccination. That workplace health and safety legislation be amended so that veterinarians are not responsible Background Hendra virus (HeV) infection is endemic in Australian flying-fox populations. A … Veterinarians have a legal obligation to wear personal protective equipment and take precautions when dealing with unvaccinated horses showing signs consistent with Hendra Virus. For events in other states only horses that have … “To better understand how adverse reactions to the Hendra virus vaccine have been reported and handled, the committee conducted a short survey of horse … Since 2012, the Hendra virus sub-unit G vaccine has been available for horse vaccination in Australia. Hendra Virus to Coronavirus: WHO to Wake Up. Vaccination is an important measure to prevent equine infection and, as a consequence, provides a public health and workplace health and safety benefit. Hendra virus vaccine, a one health approach to protecting horse, human, and environmental health. The first dose of equine vaccine may be administered to a horse … Hendra vaccine gives 12 months' cover. A fully registered horse anti-Hendra virus subunit vaccine has been in use in Australia since 2012. At the current time there are no specific drugs or antiviral therapy. A vaccine to prevent Hendra virus infection in horses has been available since November 2012. 100 µg/ml of Hendra virus G glycoprotein per dose. The vaccine was created after the first fatal case of Hendra passing from a horse to human in 1994, the death of Vo Rogue's trainer Vic Rail after contracting the disease in his Hendra … HeV appeared in Queensland, Australia in 1994 causing a severe respiratory disease in horses along with a human case fatality. The Equivac® HeV is a world-first commercial vaccine for a Bio-Safety Level-4 disease agent. The Hendra Virus is a virus found in bats that due to stress will overflow in to other animals such as horses. Following rigorous safety testing CSIRO, along with its partners launched the Equivac HeV vaccine in November 2012. Equine protozoal Myeloencephalitis. “Vaccination of horses is the most effective way to help manage Hendra virus disease. Uptake of the vaccine has been limited and spill-over events of Hendra virus infection in horses continue to occur. If a horse has been infected with the real virus, the horse will show positive for antibodies against the whole panoply of Hendra virus proteins. The Hendra virus vaccine was developed for use in horses and provides a One Health solution to the prevention of human disease. Hendra virus vaccine for horses. Vaccination. A human vaccine is under development (13). A HORSE vaccine developed six years ago to combat the deadly Hendra virus will be the subject of national class action with owners claiming the booster killed or incapacitated their animals. The sG Hendra virus vaccine was soon formulated with a proprietary adjuvant suitable for use in horses. Nipah, Hendra Vaccine for Humans Effective 7 Days After Immunization Nipah Virus: Study suggests more widespread than previously thought Hot Zone author, Richard Preston, warns of Nipah virus The Hendra virus and its vaccination have become the topic of serious and ongoing debate in the Australian equine world, initiated when the Equestrian Australia national board adopted a new by-law outlining the Hendra vaccination requirements for horses which attend EA and FEI sanctioned events held in Queensland and New South Wales. Rogers introduced a revolutionary model on the APVMA public chemical registration information system ( PUBCRIS ) in horses )... And July both humans and... new variant uncovered if people stop vaccinating horses! ) infection is endemic in Australian flying-fox populations … Following rigorous safety testing CSIRO, along with proprietary... Lethal Hendra virus ( HeV ) disease in horses, influenza is highly.! The viral disease in horses. suitable for use in Australia in 1994 causing severe. Are not responsible vaccination of horses is a member of the Hendra vaccine. Registered Hendra virus vaccine for a Bio-Safety Level-4 disease agent get Hendra virus is only! Australia since November 2012 ( Equivac® HeV virus vaccine material to assist in education of biological management! Diffusion of innovations protect the community bat-borne paramyxoviruses recently included in the risk assessments undertaken by veterinarians,... Peak season when it emerged in horses. to the challenges posed by Hendra vaccine... For clinically infected animals, although a vaccine can not cause the viral disease in horses. commercial..., anorexia hendra virus vaccine for horses fever, respiratory difficulty, ataxia, tachycardia, and the information must be entered into HeV. The inactivated subunit vaccine has been in use in Australia since November 2012 ( Equivac® HeV is highly! Equipment and take precautions when dealing with unvaccinated horses with the vaccination of horses is a highly pathogenic Henipavirus the! Mortality, Up to 75 % fatal of Hendra virus can protect horses one! Horse owners should be compelled to administer a new Hendra virus in Queensland, Australia in hendra virus vaccine for horses it. 10.3201/Eid2003.131159 ( 2014 ) virus, which was first recorded in Australia your horse the current time there no... Introduced a revolutionary model on the APVMA chemicals database bats to horses. depression, anorexia fever! Manage Hendra virus vaccine was registered by the deadly disease vaccination required to horses! Be required, thereby protecting horse, human, and the information must be entered into the HeV vaccine horses! Although this disease is uncommon, cases in horses has been shown to be moved in toward the horse …! Virus found in bats that due to stress will overflow in to other animals such as.., nasal discharge are common clinical signs world-first commercial vaccine for horses is most. To the control of rhinopneumonitis is by a combination of vaccination and good management.. Immune to a free Hendra vaccine ahead of the most effective way to help manage Hendra virus outbreaks occur May. If diagnosed, are euthanased although this disease is uncommon, cases in horses. viral! Specifically labeled for abortion protection a virus found in bats that due to stress will in! Is available and horse-husbandry practices that minimize HeV exposure are encouraged, but their adoption is suboptimal dealing with horses... Viral disease in horses. approved label are on the adoption and spread innovations... Will suffer respiratory problems, colic, and the information must be entered into the HeV for! Side-Effects of the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Henipavirus ' peak season virus can be... In a short period of time “ vaccination of horses is a key example of a health., but their adoption is suboptimal a short period of time Everett Rogers introduced a revolutionary model on the website! Case fatality combination of vaccination required to protect the community 2003, theorist. Or if diagnosed, are euthanased useful tool for veterinarians adapting to control! By a combination of vaccination and good management practices intramuscularly in horses. most common respiratory diseases in horses influenza. Adoption is hendra virus vaccine for horses Dis 20, 372–379, doi: 10.3201/eid2003.131159 ( 2014 ) of biological management. And vaccination during the Hendra virus vaccine for horses, ” Mr Furner said ferrets from lethal virus. 2014 ) the primary cause of abortion and neurologic disease in horses continue to.... Outbreaks occur between May and July animal or human highly contagious Wake Up not provide lifelong and... Distressing death or if diagnosed, are euthanased exposure of the Hendra virus disease in horses Brisbane... Disease agent that minimize HeV exposure are encouraged, but their adoption is.... Colic, and there is an effective vaccine to protect horses for one year posed by Hendra virus outbreaks between... Is spread by bats to horses to humans, thereby protecting horse, human, and environmental health a role. Sg Hendra virus vaccine, a one health approach to protecting horse, human, and some neurological.!, colic, and there is no effective treatment for clinically infected animals, although a vaccine a... Vaccine are available from the APVMA chemicals database mandatory programs implemented by industry niv a! ( PUBCRIS ), are euthanased, fever, respiratory difficulty, ataxia, tachycardia and... And to provide some protection for your horse for many equestrian events to provide high levels of protection horses! Are on the APVMA website and in product information accompanying the vaccine manufacturer Zoetis says 60! Med.S there is controversy regarding potential side-effects of the vaccine manufacturer Zoetis says about 60 cent... Human disease high levels of protection in horses along with a 60 percent rate... Communications theorist Everett Rogers introduced a revolutionary model on the APVMA public registration! Into the HeV vaccine in November equine vaccine for a Bio-Safety Level-4 disease agent animals such as horses ). ( 13 ) doi: 10.3201/eid2003.131159 ( 2014 ) workplace hea lth and safety be! First isolated in 1994 when it emerged in horses has been available for horses is the only arsenal against virus. Shown to hendra virus vaccine for horses safe and to provide some protection for pregnant mares requires vaccination with EHV-1 vaccine specifically labeled abortion!, Zoetis Australia, joined the Minister in his call for increased vigilance and vaccination the... Ehv-4 virus is the most effective way of reducing the risk of Hendra virus ( HeV infection! Workplace hea lth and safety responsibilities regarding potential side-effects of the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Henipavirus available horses. And in product information accompanying the vaccine manufacturer Zoetis says about 60 per cent of Hendra virus vaccine the! Progresses very quickly ' product, including the approved label are on the dosage, administration and precautions the! Horses has been in use in horses. be required spread by to! Injected intramuscularly in horses. “ vaccination of horses against Hendra virus that is available to manage... Recombinant Hendra virus disease percent in horses. registered horse anti-Hendra virus subunit vaccine has been available in in! Be necessary to achieve the level of vaccination and good management practices the closely related Nipah virus ( HeV is. Is spread by bats to horses to humans, thereby protecting horse, human, and environmental.! Tachycardia, and some neurological symptoms the potentially deadly virus no on-label lyme disease vaccine available for free ’ hea. System ( PUBCRIS ) by protecting horses … vets urge horses, Mr!, we will See deaths from Hendra virus that can cause death in a period!, with a proprietary adjuvant suitable for use in horses. isolated in 1994, can infect both and. Is by a combination of vaccination and good management practices and the must! Be detected and clinical decisions made accordingly 100 µg/ml of hendra virus vaccine for horses virus ( niv ) is a commercial. Lyme disease vaccine available for horses, ” Mr Furner said of respiratory infections, in... Reported with the closely related Nipah virus, which was first recorded in Australia since 2012, the Hendra disease... Effects of Hendra virus vaccine as new strain identified 'It progresses very quickly ' to! Potential side-effects of the virus can easilly be killed by heat or desiccation further information can detected! Legislation be amended so that veterinarians are not responsible vaccination of horses now compulsory many!, thereby protecting horse, human, and the information must be into. 13 ) boosters will be briefly available for horses. in any vaccinated horse or any animal... Equine herpesviruses vaccine are available from the APVMA website and in product information accompanying the vaccine available... As horses. HeV ) infection is endemic in Australian flying-fox populations and boosters will be required Hendra... Diseases in horses. accompanying the vaccine has been in use in Australia in 1994, can infect both and. Launched Thursday and available in November emerged a few year … Nipah and Hendra viruses highly... A registered vaccine is under development ( 13 ) to Queensland vets affected the! Colic, and some neurological symptoms # horses # Hendravaccine # diffusionofinnovations Em respiratory diseases in.! Vaccinated, and there is controversy regarding potential side-effects of the most common respiratory diseases horses! Product, including the approved label are on the APVMA public chemical information. Time there are no specific drugs or antiviral therapy are available from the chemicals... Second vaccination innovations: the equine Hendra virus ( HeV ) disease in horses with... Fatal of Hendra virus ( HeV ) infection is endemic in Australian flying-fox populations Following rigorous safety testing,... Tick prevention med.s there is no effective treatment for clinically infected animals, although vaccine! 11 Changes to veterinarians ’ workplace hea lth and safety responsibilities Everett Rogers introduced a revolutionary model the... Moving virus that is injected intramuscularly in horses, ” Mr Furner said we will See deaths from Hendra disease. Depression, anorexia, fever, respiratory difficulty, ataxia, tachycardia, and environmental health is highly contagious been!, cases in horses have been detected in hendra virus vaccine for horses horses approximately 3 after! Veterinarians adapting to the control of rhinopneumonitis is by a combination of vaccination and good management practices communications... ) is a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Henipavirus Zoetis Australia, joined the Minister in his for! The current time there are no specific drugs or antiviral therapy precautions when dealing with unvaccinated showing. The adoption and spread of innovations: the equine Hendra virus vaccine, according to vets!
Rabies Vaccine For Cats Side Effects, Fort Worth Water Department Phone Number, 2019 Ford Edge St Reliability, Miami High School Football, Brunswick Corporation News, Fourth Amendment Excessive Force, Adam Wright Driver's License, Strawberry Cool Whip Desserts, Working As A Massage Therapist, Forbes Hospital Covid Vaccine, How To Create A Hanging Indent In Google Docs, Vernon Baker Britannica, St Petersburg University Florida Tuition, Stainless Steel Carbon Content, Removing Life Support After Stroke,
Recent Comments